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            计算机的近代史 | 吴豪阳的数据库
        
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    <h2 id="走进01时代"><a href="#走进01时代" class="headerlink" title="走进01时代"></a>走进01时代</h2><p> <code>首先 ，计算机发展到了上个世纪中后期，发生了一个重大的变化，那就是由传统的电机械结构转变为纯电路结构，其内部计数方式由10进制转变为2进制的过程。</code></p>
<h5 id="大致分为"><a href="#大致分为" class="headerlink" title="大致分为"></a>大致分为</h5><h4 id="机械继电器"><a href="#机械继电器" class="headerlink" title="机械继电器"></a>机械继电器</h4><p> <code>最大的机电计算机之一是哈佛 Mark 1号，IBM 于1944年完成建造，给二战同盟国建造。这台机器的用途之一是给曼哈顿计划跑模拟，这台机器的电脑是继电器。</code></p>
<p> 但是它还是有很缺点：</p>
<p> <code>1 速度慢，哈佛马克1号， 1秒只能做3次加法或减法运算</code></p>
<p> <code>2 磨损严重，由于他并没有摆脱机械运动，因此会有机械磨损</code></p>
<p><code>3 不是很稳定，哈佛马克1号大约有3500个继电器，即使单个继电器出问题的概率很低，但是继电器的数量一多，继电器出问题的概率也会大大增加，整个计算机系统就很容易出现故障，这对于要运行好几天的计算任务来说，不是很友好</code> 。`</p>
<h2 id="Bug的来历"><a href="#Bug的来历" class="headerlink" title="Bug的来历"></a>Bug的来历</h2><p><img src="/img/jisuanjide.webp" alt="img"></p>
<p> <code>1947年9月，哈佛马克2型的操作员从故障继电器中，拔出一只死虫（bug的英文意思为虫子），后来人们便把计算机出了故障称为有了bug</code></p>
<h2 id="真空二极管与真空三极管"><a href="#真空二极管与真空三极管" class="headerlink" title="真空二极管与真空三极管"></a>真空二极管与真空三极管</h2><p> <code>1904年，英国物理学家“约翰·安布罗斯·弗莱明”，开发了一种新的电子组件，叫“热电子管”，也可以叫真空二极管。</code></p>
<p> <code>二极管是电子元器件，它的有一个功能是限制电流的通过，例如电流只能从二极管的一端到另一端，电流只能单向流动。</code></p>
<h2 id="真空三极管"><a href="#真空三极管" class="headerlink" title="真空三极管"></a>真空三极管</h2><p> <code>1906年，美国发明家“李·德福雷斯特”发明了三极真空管，这个真空三极管和前面说的真空二极管有一点不同的地方是，他有一个额外的控制电极，只有对这个控制电极施加正电荷，它才能允许整个三极管电子流动。</code></p>
<h2 id="晶体管"><a href="#晶体管" class="headerlink" title="晶体管"></a>晶体管</h2><p> <code>1947年 贝尔实验室发明了晶体管，晶体管和上面提到的三极真空管类似，都可以控制电路的开与关，但是相比于由玻璃制成的发光发热的真空三极管，晶体管是固态的，很小很牢靠，并且每秒可以开关10000次。</code></p>
<h2 id="英特尔"><a href="#英特尔" class="headerlink" title="英特尔"></a>英特尔</h2><p> <code>现代的晶体管更加微小，并且每秒可以切换上百万次，并且能工作几十年，生产半导最常见的材料是“硅”。</code></p>

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        <a href="/2022/03/06/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/" id="toc-header" class="mdui-ripple">文章目录</a>
        <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%9B01%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">走进01时代</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-5"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%B4%E5%88%86%E4%B8%BA"><span class="toc-number">1.0.0.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">大致分为</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E7%BB%A7%E7%94%B5%E5%99%A8"><span class="toc-number">1.0.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">机械继电器</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Bug%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A5%E5%8E%86"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">Bug的来历</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E4%BA%8C%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1%E4%B8%8E%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%89%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">真空二极管与真空三极管</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%89%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">真空三极管</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%AE%A1"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">晶体管</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%8B%B1%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span class="toc-text">英特尔</span></a></li></ol>
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